2,395 research outputs found

    Trespass by Pollution: Remedy by Mandatory Injunction

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    Sovereign bond market integration: the euro, trading platforms and globalization

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    We disentangle different driving factors of sovereign bond market integration by studying yield co-movements of EMU countries, the UK, the US and 16 German LĂ€nder in the last 15 years. At a low frequency of weeks, bond market integration has increased gradually in the course of the last 15 years in EMU countries, as well as the UK, the US and the German LĂ€nder. The euro, as well as increasing international capital flows, appear to drive low frequency integration. In contrast, yield adjustments to changes of the German benchmark bond at high frequencies, i.e., 2 days, remain relatively low until October 2000, when a sharp increase in integration can be observed in all samples. The increase in high frequency integration can be attributed to electronic trading platforms becoming functional. The change-over from national currencies to the euro can not explain the dramatic increase in high frequency integration. --sovereign bond market,bond market integration,EMU,electronic trading

    Sovereign bond market integration: the euro, trading platforms and globalisation

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    Study on sovereign bond market integration and the role of the euro, trading platforms and globalisation. We disentangle different driving factors of sovereign bond market integration by studying yield co-movements of EMU countries, the UK, the US and 16 German Lander in the last 15 years. At a low frequency of weeks, bond market integration has increased gradually in the course of the last 15 years in EMU countries, as well as the UK, the US and the German Lander. The euro, as well as increasing international capital flows, appear to drive low frequency integration. In contrast, yield adjustments to changes of the German benchmark bond at high frequencies, i.e., 2 days, remain relatively low until October 2000, when a sharp increase in integration can be observed in all samples. The increase in high frequency integration can be attributed to electronic trading platforms becoming functional. The change-over from national currencies to the euro can not explain the dramatic increase in high frequency integration.sovereign bond market, bond market integration, EMU, electronic trading, euro, globalisation, Wolff, Schulz

    The German sub-national government bond market: evolution, yields and liquidity

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    The paper presents a comprehensive data set of all bonds issued by the sixteen German states (Lšander) since 1992. It thus provides a complete picture of a capital market comparable in size to funds raised in the German fixed income market for corporations. The quantitative analysis reveals that Lšander follow different issuing strategies: while some concentrate to a greater extend on large issues or issue joint bonds with other Lšander (Jumbos), others rely more on comparatively small but frequent issues. Moreover, some Lšander issue a significant volume-share of their bonds in foreign currencies. Suitable bonds are used to compute yields for the respective Lšander at a daily frequency. In addition, we construct a measure of liquidity based on the standard deviation of yields of those bonds that are used to compute the average yield. --sovereign bond market,yields,liquidity,fiscal federalism,Germany

    Drawing Binary Tanglegrams: An Experimental Evaluation

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    A binary tanglegram is a pair of binary trees whose leaf sets are in one-to-one correspondence; matching leaves are connected by inter-tree edges. For applications, for example in phylogenetics or software engineering, it is required that the individual trees are drawn crossing-free. A natural optimization problem, denoted tanglegram layout problem, is thus to minimize the number of crossings between inter-tree edges. The tanglegram layout problem is NP-hard and is currently considered both in application domains and theory. In this paper we present an experimental comparison of a recursive algorithm of Buchin et al., our variant of their algorithm, the algorithm hierarchy sort of Holten and van Wijk, and an integer quadratic program that yields optimal solutions.Comment: see http://www.siam.org/proceedings/alenex/2009/alx09_011_nollenburgm.pd

    Stability and inactivation of hepatitis E virus at different physico-chemical treatments including pH, salt, high pressure and drying

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    The hepatitis E virus (HEV) can cause acute or chronic liver inflammation in humans. In the last two decades, the numbers of notified hepatitis E cases have increased sharply, also in Germany. Here, the HEV genotype 3, which is also widespread in domestic pigs and wild boars, plays the most important role. For this genotype, the consumption of contaminated meat products from infected animals is assumed to be the main route of transmission. However, other transmission routes, such as via animal contact, contaminated surfaces or blood products, can also play a role. To assess the risk potential of specific foods and transmission routes, knowledge on the HEV stability and inactivation is an important prerequisite; however, this knowledge was largely missing at the beginning of the studies presented here. Therefore, the aim of the work was to determine basic data on the stability of HEV at different physico-chemical conditions such as pH, salt concentration, drying as well as a treatment with high pressure. Priority was given to investigate conditions, that are used in food production or that can be expected after contamination of surfaces, in order to be able to draw practical conclusions. For the investigations, HEV preparations in buffer solutions were subjected to the appropriate treatments and the residual infectivity was subsequently determined by cell culture cultivation and immunofluorescence analysis of viral proteins. After optimization of the method, virus amounts of approximately 104 infectious units per ml could be used, and their complete inactivation was considered as sufficient based on similar requirements for disinfectant testing. In the first study, the stability of HEV against different pH values was investigated. Here, it was determined that efficient inactivation after 3 hours of incubation at room temperature (RT) occurred only at pH 1 and pH 10, whereas the virus was stable against pH 2 - 9. Further experiments were performed with the addition of D/L-lactic acid in the range between pH 4.5 and 6.5, in order to simulate conditions during food production and preservation. Here, only a slight reduction in HEV infectivity was found after 7 days at RT, whereas no significant HEV infectivity reduction was detected at 4 °C under the same conditions compared to the respective control at pH 7.7. In the second study, the salt stability of HEV was investigated. At sodium chloride concentrations of up to 20%, no reduction in HEV infectivity was detected after 24 hours at RT compared to the control. Salt conditions, as used in meat preservation, also elicited only minor reductions in HEV infectivity after 6 days at RT or after 8 weeks at 16 °C compared to the respective control samples without salt addition. In the third study, the high pressure stability of HEV was investigated. Here, it was shown that HEV was almost completely inactivated after 2 minutes at 600 MPa, which represents the highest pressure commonly used for food preservation. Lower pressures resulted in smaller decreases in infectivity. Longer pressure holding times and lower temperatures resulted in stronger decreases in HEV infectivity. In the fourth study, the drying stability of HEV on different surfaces was investigated. Here, the infectivity of HEV decreased only slightly due to the drying process. During subsequent storage at RT and 26% relative humidity, complete HEV inactivation was achieved only after 8 weeks. At 3 °C and 98% relative humidity, very high HEV concentrations were still found on plastics after 8 weeks, followed by ceramics and steel, whereas the virus was completely inactivated on wood at this time point. It can be concluded from the results that HEV is very stable against physico-chemical treatments. Under conditions such as those prevailing in raw sausage production, HEV cannot be inactivated efficiently. Therefore, raw sausage products must be considered as potential source of infection. High pressure treatment of risk foods could be an effective measure to increase food safety. Since HEV is exceptionally stable after drying on surfaces, strict hygiene measures during food preparation and in the environment of patients are prerequisites for the interruption of infection chains. In summary, the obtained stability data provide basic insights into the properties of the HEV particle, which can be relevant for applied aspects in food production, but also for other areas such as medical products or hospitals.Das Hepatitis E-Virus (HEV) kann beim Menschen eine akute oder chronische LeberentzĂŒndung hervorrufen. In den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten sind die Zahlen der gemeldeten Hepatitis E-FĂ€lle unter anderem in Deutschland stark angestiegen. Hier spielt vor allem der HEV-Genotyp 3, der auch in Haus- und Wildschweinen weit verbreitet ist, die wichtigste Rolle. FĂŒr diesen Genotyp wird als HauptĂŒbertragungsweg der Verzehr von kontaminierten Fleischprodukten aus infizierten Tieren angenommen. Aber auch andere Übertragungswege, beispielsweise ĂŒber Tierkontakt, kontaminierte OberflĂ€chen oder Blutprodukte, können eine Rolle spielen. Zur Beurteilung des Risikopotenzials spezieller Lebensmittel und Übertragungswege sind Kenntnisse zur StabilitĂ€t und Inaktivierung des HEV eine wichtige Voraussetzung, die aber zu Beginn der hier vorgestellten Studien noch weitgehend fehlten. Ziel der Arbeit war deshalb die Ermittlung grundlegender Daten zur StabilitĂ€t von HEV gegenĂŒber verschiedenen physiko-chemischen Einflussfaktoren wie pH-Wert, Salzkonzentration, Trocknung sowie eine Behandlung mit Hochdruck. Hierbei sollten vorrangig Bedingungen untersucht werden, die in der Lebensmittelherstellung zur Anwendung kommen oder nach Kontamination von OberflĂ€chen zu erwarten sind, um praxisnahe Schlussfolgerungen ziehen zu können. FĂŒr die Untersuchungen wurden HEV-PrĂ€parationen in Pufferlösungen den entsprechenden Behandlungen unterzogen und anschließend die RestinfektiositĂ€t mittels ZellkulturanzĂŒchtung und Immunfluoreszenzanalyse viraler Proteine bestimmt. Nach Optimierung der Methode konnten Virusmengen von etwa 104 infektiösen Einheiten pro ml eingesetzt werden, deren vollstĂ€ndige Inaktivierung auf der Basis Ă€hnlicher Vorgaben fĂŒr die Desinfektionsmitteltestung als ausreichend bewertet wurde. In der ersten Studie wurde die StabilitĂ€t von HEV gegenĂŒber verschiedenen pH-Werten untersucht. Hierbei wurde ermittelt, dass eine effiziente Inaktivierung nach 3 Stunden Inkubation bei Raumtemperatur (RT) nur bei pH 1 und pH 10 erfolgte, wĂ€hrend das Virus gegenĂŒber pH 2 - 9 stabil war. Weitere Versuche wurden unter Zusatz von D/L-MilchsĂ€ure im Bereich zwischen pH 4,5 und 6,5 durchgefĂŒhrt, um Bedingungen wĂ€hrend der Lebensmittelherstellung und -konservierung zu simulieren. Hierbei ergab sich nur eine leichte Reduktion der HEV-InfektiositĂ€t nach 7 Tagen bei RT, wĂ€hrend bei 4 °C unter den gleichen Bedingungen keine signifikante HEV-InfektiositĂ€tsreduktion im Vergleich zur jeweiligen Kontrolle bei pH 7,7 feststellbar war. In der zweiten Studie wurde die Salz-StabilitĂ€t von HEV untersucht. Bei Natriumchlorid-Konzentrationen von bis zu 20% konnte nach 24 Stunden bei RT keine Verringerung der HEV-InfektiositĂ€t im Vergleich zur Kontrolle festgestellt werden. Auch Salzkonditionen, wie sie bei der Fleischkonservierung Verwendung finden, riefen nach 6 Tagen bei RT bzw. nach 8 Wochen bei 16 °C nur geringfĂŒgige Verminderungen der HEV-InfektiositĂ€t gegenĂŒber den jeweiligen Kontrollproben ohne Salzzusatz hervor. In der dritten Studie wurde die Hochdruck-StabilitĂ€t von HEV untersucht. Hierbei wurde gezeigt, dass HEV beim höchsten ĂŒblicherweise fĂŒr die Lebensmittelkonservierung verwendeten Druck von 600 MPa fĂŒr 2 Minuten fast vollstĂ€ndig inaktiviert wurde, wĂ€hrend niedrigere DrĂŒcke zu geringeren Abnahmen der InfektiositĂ€t fĂŒhrten. LĂ€ngere Druckhaltezeiten und niedrigere Temperaturen fĂŒhrten zu stĂ€rkerer Abnahme der HEV-InfektiositĂ€t. In der vierten Studie wurde die TrocknungsstabilitĂ€t von HEV auf verschiedenen OberflĂ€chen untersucht. Hierbei nahm die InfektiositĂ€t von HEV durch den Trocknungsprozess nur wenig ab. Bei der anschließenden Lagerung bei RT und 26% relativer Luftfeuchtigkeit wurde eine vollstĂ€ndige HEV-Inaktivierung erst nach 8 Wochen erreicht. Bei 3 °C und 98% relativer Luftfeuchtigkeit fanden sich nach 8 Wochen auf Plastik noch sehr hohe HEV-Konzentrationen, gefolgt von Keramik und Stahl, wĂ€hrend das Virus auf Holz zu diesem Zeitpunkt vollstĂ€ndig inaktiviert war. Aus den Ergebnissen kann geschlussfolgert werden, dass HEV sehr stabil gegenĂŒber physiko-chemischen Einflussfaktoren ist. Unter Bedingungen, wie sie beispielsweise bei der Rohwurstherstellung vorherrschen, kann HEV nicht effizient inaktiviert werden, weshalb Rohwurstprodukte als potentielle Infektionsquelle angesehen werden mĂŒssen. Eine Hochdruck-Behandlung von Risikolebensmitteln könnte eine wirksame Maßnahme zur Erhöhung der Lebensmittelsicherheit darstellen. Da HEV nach Trocknung auf OberflĂ€chen außerordentlich stabil ist, sind strikte Hygienemaßnahmen bei der Lebensmittelzubereitung und in der Patientenumgebung Voraussetzung fĂŒr eine Unterbrechung von Infektionsketten. Zusammenfassend geben die ermittelten StabilitĂ€tsdaten grundlegende Einblicke in die Eigenschaften des HEV-Partikels, die fĂŒr anwendungsorientierte Aspekte in der Lebensmittelproduktion, aber auch fĂŒr andere Bereiche wie Medizinprodukte oder KrankenhĂ€user, von Bedeutung sein können

    Banking and sovereign risk in the euro area

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    We study the determinants of sovereign bond spreads in the euro area since the introduction of the euro. We show that an aggregate risk factor is a main driver of spreads. This factor also plays an important indirect role for risk spreads through its interaction with the size and structure of national banking sectors. When aggregate risk increases, countries with large banking sectors and low equity ratios in the banking sector experience greater widening in yield spreads, suggesting that financial markets perceive a larger risk that governments will have to rescue banks, increasing public debt and therefore sovereign risk. Moreover, government debt levels and forecasts of future fiscal deficits are also significant determinants of sovereign spreads. --Sovereign bond markets,banking,liquidity,EMU
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